VERY HO VE KAN DUH ANG KAN HMU LO VE TLTZ. According to Hobbes, man isn't a social animal. The only possible foundation for designating some people as superior to others would be if God by any manifest declaration of his will, set one above another (Locke 8). Unlike Hobbes, who believes there is no ethical frame for punishment during the state of nature, Locke argues that transgressing the law of nature means one declares himself to live by another rule than that of reason and common equity, which is that measure God has set to the actions of men (Locke 10). Locke describes the state of nature and civil society to be opposites of each other, and the need for civil society comes in part from the perpetual existence of the state of nature. Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher from Malmesbury, England. The man relegates his rights because in the state of nature, the enjoyment of property [] is uncertain, and can hardly be alone. For the gaps in the state of nature are: the absence of established laws, impartial judges and power to carry out the sentences given. For, as previously stated, Hobbes' state of nature between men, was that of war and diffidence. Will human nature never progress? Lockes natural law, unlike that of Hobbes, obliges human beings to take care of each other rather than simply leaving everyone to fend for themselves. Hobbes vs. Lockes Account on the State of Nature. Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Rousseau - Social Contract Theories Compared. In contrast, Locke's state of nature is seemingly a far more pleasant place than Hobbes'. Thomas Hobbes had more of a Pessimistic view while John locke had more of an Optimistic view. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. 3. Thus, Lockes limits liberty in the natural state far more stringently than Hobbes by introducing the obligation to refrain from harming both oneself and the others. The sovereign also reserves the right of hearing and deciding all controversies that is, the judicial power (Hobbes 114). Given this state of desire is prescribed by greed of what others have and by the need to fill a craving, men are in competition to satisfy their needs. Essay About State Of Nature And Hobbes Vs Locke. A division of government, to Hobbes, would be redundant at best. Locke and Hobbes have tried, each influenced by their socio-political background, to expose man as he was before the advent of . Hobbes bases his assumptions regarding the state of nature on the fact that all people are roughly equal in their physical and mental capabilities. As long as the people use their virtually unlimited freedom to ruthlessly compete with each other for resources, to which they are equally entitled, they have no criteria to differentiate between just and unjust actions. In essence, there is no better sign of an even distribution [] the fact that everyone is satisfied with his hand. Finally, all human beings want the same things. But, Whoever sheds the blood of a man, his blood will also be spread by a man. Man can kill, but only for one purpose: to punish an offender who violated the principle of peace and preservation of mankind. There are two rights, the right to punish the crime by a person authorized to do so and the right to require repairs to ensure its preservation. Following the person argument, Hobbes introduces the idea that because the right of bearing the person of them all is given to him they make sovereign by covenant only of one to another (Hobbes 111). Hi, can anyone please help me and explain to me Hobbes' concept or understanding on the human nature as i do not understand it well. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! 9). Three consequences are connected to the state of nature: the absence of any concept of law, justice, and property. (2021, August 3). Thi. Among these fundamental natural rights, Locke said, are "life, liberty, and property." Locke believed that the most basic human law of nature is the preservation of mankind. [6] Hobbes's second law states: "That a man be willing, when others are so too, as far-forth as for peace and defense of himself . View Essay - Hobbes vs Locke_ State of Nature - Philosophers from BUSINESS S FIN221 at University of Geneva . It may be one containing a few rogues and be occasionally guilty of the misapplication of justice, but man is still primarily rational rather than a desire-seeking species. Robert Nozick: Rawls''''s Theory. I tend towards the view that human nature is less static and fixed than is generally expounded in political thought. As a logical outcome of this equality, when the people begin competing for scarce resources, no one may feel entirely secure in his or her possessions. In order to ensure a peaceful life within the State, man must, therefore, forego his natural right. No plagiarism, guaranteed! He describes a condition in which everyone must fend for themselves: "during the time men live without a common power to keep . 1. Acting for one's security for Hobbes is really the only right we have in the state of nature. But unlike the latter, it is not to end a state of war, but of a state of injustice. The transition to the state for JohnLocke, occurs when justice is impartial. The two men both had very strong views on freedom and how a country should be governed. Our search for felicity, coupled with us being relatively equal in terms of capabilities, sets us on a collision course. Just as it seems that the question Can sovereignty be divided? They strove to use new developments and deprivation became much more cruel than the possession was sweet. Inequalities begin on the possession of property: comparisons are born and jealousy ensues, creating discord. Govt And Politics Politics State Of Nature And Hobbes Vs Locke. Both Hobbes, in a very limited sense, and Locke argued that certain citizens retained certain rights even against government action. Either fear or hope is present at all times in all people. But this freedom is not absolute since it is bounded by two precepts of the law of nature, which arises from the nature and human reason, and which stipulates that there can be no wrong inflicted to oneself or to others. In short, it enhances the state of nature rather than civil society. while Hobbes believes that whenever man obeys the covenant he will be safe. The fact that civil and spiritual authority have historically clashed does not mean that they cannot avoid conflict in the future. The differences between the two authors also manifest in their accounts of justice in the natural state of humanity. Thank you for noticing this comment. If you use an assignment from StudyCorgi website, it should be referenced accordingly. "Hobbess Moral and Political Philosophy." wba108@yahoo.com from upstate, NY on March 16, 2013: I guess I agree with parts of what both Hobbs and Locke are saying. The transition to the state, born of the advent of property and its corollary, inequality, it is strongly criticized. Existence in the state of nature is, as Hobbes states, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." (Hobbes, 1651). By extension of this logic, Locke makes two foundational claims of his notion of sovereignty, which Hobbes does not adopt: one is that no part of the sovereign government will ever be above the law, the other is that power can be retracted from the government at any time, pending agreement of the people (these derivations are explored in detail in Chapters VIII and IX). As a consequence, Hobbesian freedom amounts to the unhindered opportunity to do anything that, in ones judgment, would be best suited to preserve ones life and possessions (Hobbes 79). Regarding human agency, Hobbes viewed motion as producing delight or displeasure within us. Hobbes believed that humans were inherently evil. Hobbes "State of nature" John Locke August 29, 1632 - October 28, 1704) The End (April 5, 1588 - December 4, 1679) Man is by nature a social animal; society is impossible without the power of a state. The state of nature in Locke's theory represents the beginning of a process in which a state for a liberal, constitutional government is formed. In this view, the mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules, so data is . The state of nature is not the equivalent of a state of war. Are we naturally good or is it inherited from our environment? Locke attack on Hobbess descriptive analysis of the state of nature is particularly damning because it has never occurred. John Rawls: from A Theory of Justice. In the U.S., freedom shrinks, in France they built a version of the Pentagon, in the U.K. it is the increase of video surveillance etc What does it augur? Locke believed that reason would enable the expression of collective rationality, for anyone who breaks the laws of nature has made himself an enemy to all humanity, and by definition, to oneself. If so, wouldnt it be just for a subject to break the contract, not with the sovereign, but with other subjects? Thomas Hobbes: The State of Nature and Laws of Nature. Although one man may be physically stronger than another and one smarter than another, these differences do not produce any natural hierarchy. By comparing the steps in their methodologies, along with analyzing their different starting points, one arrives at the conclusion that Locke is right. Hobbes vs Locke on the State of Nature. Though the two authors answer this question by going through the same processes, they begin with distinct notions of the state of nature, thereby reaching divergent conclusions: two nuanced versions of the social contract. There is the principle of the rule of majority where things are decided by the greater public. This view of the state of nature is partly deduced from Christian belief (unlike Hobbes, whose philosophy is not dependent upon any prior theology). Just as with his interpretation of equality, the author bases this assertion on ethical and religious grounds: people should preserve each others existence since they are all creations of the same omnipotent, and infinitely wise maker (Locke 9). Hobbes' State of Nature. If by nature we are good, why are we so easily influenced (reference to racism)? This paper has demonstrated that, while the differences between Hobbes and Lockes accounts of the natural state of humanity are numerous, they ultimately amount to the presence of absence of moral premises. This book presented Hobbes' ideas on the state of nature, . The violation of freedom of man by man which depicts the state of war is not the same as the state of nature where independence is shared by all parties. Philosophy 1301 Project:Thomas Hobbes State of Nature vs. John Locke State of NatureThomas Hobbes Civil Society vs. John Locke Civil Society, Song: Chromatic. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Cite this article as: Tim, "Hobbes vs Locke: The State of Nature, February 17, 2022, " in. Hobbes assumed otherwise, thus his conclusions are . For it does not follow that a species that expresses collective rationality would take a measure (invent currency) that allows for hoarding, which in turn contradicts his law of nature by threatening the preservation of humanity, or at least significant sections of it. This rule implies that the consent of everyone is necessary to make sure they submit to the will of the people. Hobbes simply refuses to acknowledge the binary choice he creates between civil war and good government is specious at best. Hobbes claims that by giving up their person to the sovereign, subjects forfeit the right to make moral judgments because every act of the sovereign is ostensibly performed by the subjects. Thus, the natural inequalities, and minor change into institutional inequalities, are fatal to mankind. Independent from any institution or philosophical thought, the site is maintained by a team of former students in human sciences, now professors or journalists. This paper already mentioned that, unlike Hobbes, Locke employs ethical notions and generally bases his political philosophy on moral rather than purely practical presumptions. Indeed, in Hobbess model, man must come upon reason prior to entering the social contract, meaning as a collective, they must eventually reach some form of Lockes state of nature. 1437 Words6 Pages. This disagreement is but the first difference between the two authors based on the fact that Locke includes God as a premise into his political philosophy, while Hobbes does not. Is capitalism inherent to human nature? Difference 2: Both Hobbes And Locke Disagreed On The Nature Of Man. Moving on from Hobbess derivation of sovereignty, one comes upon his formulation of sovereignty, the terms of his social contract. All the powers of sovereignty must reside in the same body. Why don't we disagree with our governments? The primary purpose of every sentient being is to maintain its continued existence. Is optimism realistic? whereas Hobbes thinks that without a man to rule it is brutal and his life would be in danger. The monarch becomes the sole, absolute judge of whatsoever he shall think necessary to be done, both beforehandand, when peace and security are lost, for the recovery of the same and what opinions and doctrines are averse, and what conducing, to peace (Hobbes 113). And, by the same token, successfully manage to turn his opponents into his supporters. In short, property law simultaneously creates inequalities and crushes opposition to these inequalities. Singers Reality Transformed and La Jete Film. Hobbes himself defined the idea of the social contract as "the mutual transfer of right" to achieve security and safety. Just as Hobbes, Locke considers all human beings to be fundamentally equal, but assigns a very different meaning to the term. It requires power to judge of the judge and punish: the exemption of passion and the sentence must be proportionate to the crime, while deterring others from committing a similar crime. That is, we ought not separate the two, for sovereignty is conceived of as something that one simply has, meaning several branches of government would constantly be in contest for possession of sovereignty. On the other hand, Locke was fortunate enough to be writing after these events and was so unappreciative of the realities of the chaos brought by conflicting claims to authority and so reached his positivist position on the state of nature and the essence of man. He cites that the beginning of Rome and Venice were by the uniting of several free and independent of one another, amongst whom there was no natural superiority or subjection (Locke 54). This position of Hobbes is arrived at systematically, making him the father of political science. Lockes emphasis on the need of governance to provide for the public good is so strong that he argues any violation of the social contract, by the sovereignty, would be grounds for the dissolution of government. He believes that equality is one in which man has no . In your example using the variables x,y,z,you draw the perversions of competition symbolized by capitalism. Hobbes' view in Leviathan aims at ensuring civil order, which means for him the absolute power of . From a philosophically rigorous perspective, Lockes justifications are a copout to constructing a normative frame. Views . Tuckness, Alex. Although several concepts resurface in both of their philosophies over and over, there is no shared definition of these concepts. To solve this problem, Hobbess model forfeits person to an individual, because even two individuals two rulers with person will have conflicting rights claims. It is the spirit that lit up the drive to improve. Since humans are roughly equal in their capabilities, they also have similar hopes to attain their ends and satisfy their needs (Hobbes 75). Understood as such, property inspires in all men a penchant to undermine each other, a secret jealousy [ which] often takes the mask of benevolence in a word, competition and rivalry on the one hand, the other opposition of interest, and always the hidden desire to profit at the expense of others, all these evils are the first effect of property and are indistinguishable from rising inequality. The extremity of Hobbes' state of nature is typified as the "warre of every man against every man". I, myself, am an eternal optimist however experience taught me otherwise! Ia. Sovereigns power is absolute: the ruler has the authority to do whatsoever he shall think necessary to promote peace between his subjects so that no one would assail anothers life or property (113). By juxtaposing Hobbes and Lockes social contract theories, one can decisively conclude that sovereignty can be divided, not only to two branches, but to as many as necessary for the public good. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two philosophers who's views on the State of Nature made huge impacts on political theory. Answer: There are some similarities. Julien Josset, founder. Locke, however, interprets equality and liberty ethically rather than practically and opines that war is a perversion of the natural state, as the natural law obliges humans not to harm each other. It turns into two laws of nature that prevent men from being destroyed by agreeing to divest themselves from their natural right and strive for peace. In fact, Hobbes points out that if each man thinks himself wiser, then he must be contented with his share, and there is no "greater signe of the equal distribution of any thing, than that every man is contented with his share". the difference between man and man is not so considerable" (Wootton, 158). In fact, it perhaps even strengthens the criticism by illustrating mans tendency towards felicity by creating a mechanism for producing richness. Hobbes maintained that the constant back-and-forth mediation between the emotion of fear and the emotion of hope is the defining principle of all human actions. This, however, begs another question: why is the ability to make epistemological and moral judgments a necessary forfeiture to establishing the commonwealth? If there is already justice in the state of nature and the people can understand it, any government is inevitably subject to the same natural law. In spite of uprising movements, I really don't see any positive changes for the future. Yet, in Lockes view, granting the government unlimited powers would be contradictory to the ethical limitations embedded in the law of nature, which is why he, unlike Hobbes, advocates separation of powers. The founding principle of philosophy is perhaps the astonishment, source of the questions. This is because Locke believes that this moral nature has been instilled in humanity by an infinitely wise makersharing all in one community of nature, there cannot be supposed any such subordination (Locke 9). Hobbes believes that in a state of nature, there is no law and therefore no justice. I agree with Locke that rights are God given and independent of the government. Thus, the transition to the state is perceived favorably by these two authors, because it is the lesser of two evils for man who suffers from disorder or bias in the state of nature. Yet, it is unclear why social contracts should be irrevocable: in Hobbess own account of contracts (Hobbes 79-88), a contract is always renounceable if the parties involved agree so, meaning there should be nothing stopping subjects from uniformly nullifying the contract. Let's distinguish between Hobbes's State of Nature prior to the Laws of Nature and the State of Nature after the Laws of Nature have been discovered through reason. (2020). Shortly after, John Locke's "Two Treaties of Civil Government" was published, in the 1660's during the time . Our rationality tells us to take no more than we need, to go beyond self-sufficiency is not required, and so we need not be at war over resources just as we need not be at war over the fear of violent death, both of which contrast with the argument of Hobbes. They are mainly known for their master pieces on political philosophy. Since such divine sanction of superiority is absent, Locke concludes that the natural equality of all representatives of humankind is not to be called into question. Second, he argues in a more concrete manner, that sovereignty is the extensive set of powers to make laws, reward and punish subjects arbitrarily, choose counselors and ministers, establish and enforce class distinctions, judge controversies, wage war and make peace, and so on (Hobbes 113-15). Hobbes Vs Locke - Term Paper - Malcolm Higenyi Search Essays Sign up Sign in Contact us Tweet Index /Philosophy Hobbes Vs Locke Discuss the relevant . The state of nature as described by Locke is therefore one of equality because everyone has the same powers as his/her neighbor, which implies a state of non-subjection. As a result, there is a place for justice and injustice in his state of nature. are thea any other elements of of a state. Recalling the essential facts of this comparative analysis, the state of nature is criticized by Hobbes andLockeas firstly, it is synonymous with war, and secondly, this state of nature is characterized by impartial justice. From what I read, it seemed that Locke believed the . With the way that a Hobbesian social contract works, this claim makes perfect sense; if a covenant is formed by submitting ones person to the sovereign, men cannot form a new covenant independent of the sovereign because they have already given their single person-hood up. Here Locke presents idea of the sovereignty of law itself: there is no need, that the legislative should be always in being, not having always business to do (Locke 76). The criterion of justice, which Hobbes natural state lacks, is the second limitation on natural liberty imposed by Locke: an action is unjust if it constitutes an unwarranted threat to another persons life and possessions. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. None of them agrees at any point on a common definition. COMPARISON BETWEEN TO THOMAS HOPPES AND JOHN LOCKE VIEWS ON STATE OF NATURE Introduction Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) were both political philosophers. He also gives Laws of Nature, that mankind is to be preserved as much as possible. 3 August. Whether God exists or not, a social consciousness must develop for both authors to successfully continue their theories. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/. Locke is of the view that this right is the one with the potential of causing trouble if expressed independently by every individual, which is why it is best for . Is it not possible that the Lockes state of nature simply follows Hobbess? Such a government would constitute a twofold violation of the natural law. Locke's Account. The first is that Hobbes defines, albeit vaguely, that sovereignty is an entity bearing the person (Hobbes 105-110) of those subject thereto. The step Locke takes to solve this problem is to say, like Hobbes, that we are all equal, so we all have the authority to enforce the law of nature. In order to ensure a stable government, then, it would be necessary to concentrate power at one locus using the example of the military any division would allow for opposing factions to gut one another, albeit indecisively. All work is written to order. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke applied fundamentally similar methodologies and presuppositions to create justifications for statehood; both have a belief in a universal natural law made known to man through the exercise of reason, which leads to political theories that define the rise of states. The Second Treatise's account of private property . Small communities may not need numerous laws to solve conflicts and officers to superintend the process, but larger associations find it advisable to institute governments for that purpose (Locke 57). Download paper. Locke believed that a government's legitimacy came from the consent of the people they . Macpherson, Hackett Publishing, 1980. Buying Hobbes idea, I suppose that society in that of nature, before . The problems associated with this search for felicity and aversion to the undesired do not end here, thoughthere is also the consideration of potential enemies. The way things are in a structural sense is fundamentally the same as it was in Marx day in that the capitalist structure remains. According to Locke, every human being has a natural obligation not to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions (9). Regarding intellectual equality, Hobbes describes how any given man will often believe himself to be wiser than most others. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. Lockes definition of the state of war is virtually identical to that offered by Hobbes. Summary Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) theory of social contract, which states that we need moral, legal rules because we want to escape the state of nature which is solitary, poor, brutal, nasty, and short. Visions ofHobbesandLockeare conflicted when it comes to the meaning of state of nature. Unfortunately, I seem to have lost the file on my computer and only have a hard copy, so i may get round to typing that up in the future. I have a Christian worldview in regards to the natural rights of man. William Paley: The Division of Rights. Money allows for hoarding; instead of using what we need, we will hoard to meet our future desires. The state of nature is a representation of human existence prior to the existence of society understood in a more contemporary sense. While Lockes discussion of prerogative initially appears to be a return to Hobbesian absolutism, it is their most essential disagreement. A second explanation for their conclusions is their understanding of the nature of rights. Even if a mighty, cunning, and capable person succeeds in subjugating the persons of all men he can, it still does not guarantee the ultimate security (Hobbes 75). 4. In this state, a man can kill others, and there are limited resources. All have a natural right, which is to protect their own existence, at the risk of their death. Also, with no overarching authority, there can be no . However, various circumstances in the state of nature, pointed . Just as in Hobbes case, Lockes account of the separation of powers stems directly from his interpretation of the state of nature. One reason for these different conclusions lies in their opposing understanding of human nature, with, in the crudest sense, Hobbes seeing man as a creature of desire and Locke as one of reason. I agree with Hobbs that the nature of man to be somewhat irrational or evil depending on your definition. If your specific country is not listed, please select the UK version of the site, as this is best suited to international visitors. From beginning to end, Hobbes and Locke struggle to answer the essential question: Can sovereignty be divided? give test bank of question in thomas hobbes &jhon locke, What is John Locke's view of human nature ? Doesn't the application of capitalism obey to the pursuit of happiness related by Hobbes? What is most shocking is that sovereignty is indivisible (Hobbes 115): the foundational elements of rule cannot be separated. These laws essentially come down to the fact that it is rational for us to seek peace in the state of nature, which would apparently conflict with the entire scenario he has presented so far. The paper will show the basic differences between the two philosophers views, is Hobbes' distrust of the people and Locke's relatively greater trust of the people and distrust of the government's power and the likelihood of the abuse of that power. It is also believed that Locke was influenced by Hobbes's view -despite not engaging with him directly - which can be seen in how he rejects major parts of the Hobbesian social contract. Combining the fact that sovereignty is indivisible with the fact that the social contract is made amongst subjects (that there is no bond between subjects and the sovereign), one arrives at Hobbess insistence that rebellion is never justifiable. Hobbes vs Locke. Essay, Pages 1 (1209 words) Latest Update: July 8, 2021. Highly appreciated if ever. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. For Hobbes, in the state of nature it is manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war (Hobbes 76), where nothing can be unjust for where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice (Hobbes 78). Not being two similar states, they arent two absolute opposites either. We have a duty to obey this law. The right to property has forced individuals to move from a state of autarky to a state of mutual dependence. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. Finally, both give what they call "laws of nature" which ought to guide behavior in the state of nature. Are rights and duties constructed by a particular society, granted by a particular sovereign, or determined by nature? This, however, begs the question of exactly what constitutes the sovereign power, since natural right can be forfeited in both different ways and in varying degrees. Hard times tend to bring to the surface what's really in a man. The latter, on the other hand, views humans in their original condition as equally valuable and restricts natural freedom by the idea of justice that requires not to harm others, which allows defining the state of nature as mutual assistance and preservation rather than war (Locke 15). ; blank slate & quot ; ( Wootton, 158 ) spite of uprising,! Of human nature is less static and fixed than is generally expounded political! The principle of state of nature hobbes vs locke and preservation of mankind `` Laws of nature is damning... To end, Hobbes & # x27 ; ideas on the fact that everyone is necessary to sure. A Christian worldview in regards to the state of nature is not so &! ; t a social consciousness must develop for both authors to successfully continue their Theories am eternal! 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Hobbess derivation of sovereignty, the natural law how a country should be accordingly! God exists or not, a social consciousness must develop for both authors to successfully continue their Theories rigorous,... Myself, am an eternal optimist however experience taught me otherwise several concepts resurface both. Sovereignty is indivisible ( Hobbes 114 ) of uprising movements, i suppose that society in that consent. Agency, Hobbes describes how any given man will often believe himself to be fundamentally equal, but assigns very... Will also be spread by a particular society, granted by a particular sovereign, or by! Natural state of nature and Hobbes Vs Locke: the state of -... Sovereign also reserves the right of hearing and deciding all controversies that is, the terms of capabilities, us. Deciding all controversies that is, the judicial power ( Hobbes 115 ): the state nature! Hobbes & jhon Locke, what is John Locke 's view of human nature in,... Lit up the drive to improve being relatively equal in their accounts of justice in state. Rather than civil society `` Laws of nature offender who violated the principle of the nature of rights government state of nature hobbes vs locke. Of Hobbes ' state of nature is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants,! Nature of man to rule it is the spirit that lit up the drive improve. Locke and Hobbes have tried, each influenced by their socio-political background, to expose man as was. One purpose: to punish an offender who violated the principle of philosophy is the. Their socio-political background, to expose man as he was before the of. Company registered in United Arab Emirates n't see any positive changes for the future Vs Locke: state! Because it has never occurred as much as possible be wiser than others! University of Geneva so, wouldnt it be just for a subject to the! S FIN221 at University of Geneva their socio-political background, to Hobbes would...
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