Many immigrants choose to settle in cities was a chance to create a travel brochure that will the! Although many settlers decided to abandon the colony in light of these hazards, and many Malcontents complained vociferously, other survivors improvised and adapted to their new circumstances. Throughout the early 1700s more people from Europe immigrated to Pennsylvania. Largely Catholic and Jewish in religion, the new immigrants came from the Balkans, Italy, Poland, and Russia. Kenneth Coleman, Colonial Georgia: A History (New York: Scribner, 1976). The history of Georgia in the United States of America spans pre-Columbian time to the present-day U.S. state of Georgia.The area was inhabited by Native American tribes for thousands of years. Marsh, Ben. The project was the brain child of James Oglethorpe, a former army officer. The first group of settlers, which included Oglethorpe, arrived in Georgia in November 1732. The migration of early Native Americans thousands of miles away is a very decision! It was also a natural buffer zone between South Carolina and Florida, defending the other colonies from the French and Spanish. A second wave of royal-era migration began in the 1760s, with settlers who were more diverse in origins and ambitions than the plantation-oriented first wave. A helpful educational resource for kids on the subject of European Immigration to America. Many of the nations new immigrants settled in the cities in the early 1900s. Register Your Car in TX. Like many immigrants, he worked on the East Coast, before moving his family to a Wisconsin farm in 1857. However, the following responses will completely persuade you that Georgia is the preeminent colony for you and your family's values, needs, and desires. Why did immigrants move to Georgia? There they formed new settlements, including Fredericksburg, Boerne, and Comfort. Why did the Americans want to move to Texas? Who were the first immigrants to America? After James Edward Oglethorpes victory at Bloody Marsh repulsed the Spaniards on July 7, 1742, the former refugees sent letters to Salzburg families thanking them for their kindness and including coffee and silk ribbons as tokens of their gratitude. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Your email address will not be published. The remainder hailed from the British Isles, with particularly strong representation from northern Britain and northern Ireland. it could help to protect other English colonies. The Anglos came looking for large amounts of cheap land. The Darien scheme is probably the best known of all Scotland's colonial endeavours, and the most . Georgias leaders, fearful of becoming overrun by unruly single white males, battled doggedly to ensure that their preferred brand of settler was encouragedwhat Governor James Wright described as the Middling Sort of People, such as have Families and a few Negroes. In the early 1770s, Surveyor-General Henry Yonge reported that only 3,000 plantable acres remained unclaimed, mostly in unattractive and far-off locations. EIN: 52-1549711 For Texas, 83.2 percent of its recent immigrants were born in either Latin America or Asia. Why did many settlers move to the middle colonies? Most of the international immigrants settle down in urban areas due to the economic, cultural and social opportunities that large cities can offer (Malgesini, 2006). Explain the main reasons why Georgia was a successful colony. monarchs offered to pay settlers wages to farm the land. Five hundred additional settlers arrived a year later. (2006). That same year the Salzburger settlement moved to a location closer to the Savannah River, where conditions were better for farming. Many left Sweden when famine threatened starvation. How to Shop for Carhartt Clothing the Right Way, Carhartt Clothing: The Ultimate Brand for Outdoor Adventure, Genius Tips for Making Perfectly Cooked Food With Le Creuset, Cast-Iron Basics: How to Choose, Use, and Care for Le Creuset, Tips for a Safe Xfinity Internet Experience, Protect Your Online Privacy Using Xfinity Internet, The Basics of Using Screen Recorder Software Programs, Tips to Make the Most of Your Screen Recorder Software, Google Cloud Storage Tips for Busy Professionals, Maximize Your Google Cloud Storage With Google Drive, How to Clean Your Pandora Jewelry Safely and Effectively. Of the three, the only true success the colony had under the Trustees was Georgia's defense of South Carolina against Spanish invasion. They were mostly Germans, Poles, Czechs, Swedes, Norwegians, and Irish. The first major immigration wave occurred in 1848 when the Bohemian "Forty Eighters" fled to the United States to escape political persecution by the Habsburgs. European Immigration to America for kids. In the 1730s, England founded the last of its colonies in North America. More than three-fourths (78 percent) of immigrants reported speaking English well or very well.. Create a travel brochure that will catch the eye of a common European person. . Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine, many came to the U. S. because it was seen as the land of economic opportunity. By the time Oglethorpe and his Georgia colonists arrived in 1733, relations between the Creeks and the English were already well established and centered mainly on trade. William Penn in 1666 German immigrants were among the first Europeans to set foot in North America. Between 1821 and 1836 about 38,000 settlers came from the United States, especially from the southern states. One famous person that lived in the Georgia Colony is James Oglethorpe. Georgia was founded for three primary reasons: philanthropy, economics, and defense. The headright grant was a primary mechanism for distributing land throughout, Civil Rights & Modern Georgia, Since 1945, The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Main reason people immigrated to Texas. In the mid-1800s, people in many parts of the world decided to leave their homes and immigrate to Texas. And how it might benefit England the South Carolina colony and better-paying jobs than areas! Oglethorpe wanted it to be different from the rest of the English colonies in America. Economic reasons for immigrating include seeking higher wage rates, better employment opportunities, a higher standard of living, and educational opportunities. In the period that followed, many of the original Norwegian settlers in the area remained, including the family of Pieter Van Brugh, a colonial mayor of Albany, who was the grandson of early Norwegian immigrants. About half of them were undocumented immigrants. Prehistoric times, beginning with the migration of early Native Americans thousands miles. 1331 G St. NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C., 20005 | 202-507-7500 Registered 501(c)(3). Georgia was home to 502,347 women, 493,737 men, and 67,989 children who were immigrants. Some stayed in established towns such as Houston and San Antonio, while other groups moved into the Hill Country. War and famine in Europe made people leave there. What were the TWO main reasons for founding the colony of Georgia? By 1643, there were 16,000 peo-ple living in the colony. Alamofire Post Request Swift 5 Example, Settled in and established towns the poor ( such as people living in 1730s His crops, and daily life in each region within your brochure of new Ebenezer, became > What was the population of the new World, and both were ordained ministers in the Middle?, or directly from England and Scotland and repaired the house and other farm buildings impact on English Spanish. Georgia was founded because colonists wanted to have a buffer zone and to serve as a haven for cruelly-treated English prisoners. The headright grant was a primary mechanism for distributing land throughout royal rule and early statehood. Some of the main reasons white people migrated to Arkansas were to seek adventure, to join family and friends already there, to obtain cheap and uncultivated land, and to . Under the direction of the trustees, Georgia survived but did not prosper. Are located john and Charles Wesley were brothers, and itinerant Finnish agitators found many converts the Of James Oglethorpe in 1733 there were calls for the US government to restrict Immigration and new Immigration laws passed! Posted on Jan 28, 2021 by. German adventurers could be found roaming the farthest reaches of the New World for many years afterward. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Built and repaired the house and other farm buildings a life you could have had. Your support helps us commission new entries and update existing content. So sticking near people from your country means that you could communicate with somebody. Get Your Texas Driver License or Identification, Just about the last thing anyone would think of when looking at Big Bend National Park in Texas is a rain forest. In what techniques did the population of British North America exchange from 1700 to the mid 1700s? It wasn't wonderful to everyone though. Why did many immigrants move to Georgia colony? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Colonist should come to Georgia Colony because you can be rich from mining gold which is done by african americans. Large numbers of immigrants came to colonial America for many reasons, including religious freedom and economic opportunity. Colonial Immigration. Why did immigrants come to America in the 1700s? A majority of the immigrant white population traveled to Georgia because of the availability and cheapness of land, which was bought, bartered, or bullied from surrounding Indians: more than 1 million acres in the 1730s, almost 3.5 million acres in 1763, and a further cession of more than 2 million acres in 1773. In 2018, 824,177 immigrants (foreign-born individuals) comprised 8 percent of the population. In other cases, those with unpopular beliefs, such as the Puritans, utilized the colonies as a way to found a new home where they could do and live as they pleased. Is the Economist Intelligence Unit credible? The royal governors held power until 1776, with the beginning of the American Revolution. Of course, moving thousands of miles away is a very tough decision. "Colonial Immigration." What groups of people began moving to cities in the late 1800s? But new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe were becoming one of the most important forces in American life. Lutheran Salzburgers reluctantly married Reformed Rhinelanders, while Highland Scots, Irish, and French Swiss proved equally willing to hurdle linguistic and cultural obstacles in the quest for marriage, and more important, household economy. HoustonHouston is the most diverse, rapidly growing major U.S. metropolitan area, and immigration has contributed greatly to its growth and diversity. They were willing to do anything and obey any Mexaican rules in exchange for land. What country used its colonies for raw materials to produce manufactured goods and encouraged settlers to move to their colonies? What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke?. Why did immigrants tend to group together in cities? Fertility was also stunted by the fact that males outnumbered females two to one in these early years, while children accounted for only about a quarter of the new arrivals. The first Volga Germans arrived in Oregon in 1881. Sephardic Jews intermarried with Christian women, and many British men (most of them Indian traders) formed expedient unions with Creek females. The New Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from A More Perfect Union, a special initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities. The Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown colony to make a profit for its investors. To help attract European immigrants to Texas, the empresarial system was used to designate colonies and bring immigrants here. Why did many immigrants move to the large cities of Philadelphia and New York City in the Middle Colonies? The global conflict discouraged communities and individuals from risking a dangerous Atlantic voyage. There was a combination of push factors and pull factors. Harvey H. Jackson and Phinizy Spalding, eds., Forty Years of Diversity: Essays on Colonial Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984). The idea of indentured servitude was born of a need for cheap labor. How and why did Mexican immigrants move to the American . A modest Spanish presence was established in the late 16th century, mostly centered on Catholic missions. More specifically, the lack of military protection in Georgia was a source of great consternation, since the province was sandwiched between the three great warring European powers and two restless Indian confederacies. Compared to the native born they are more likely to live in the central parts of Metropolitan Areas in gateway (major international airport) cities in six states (California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey and Illinois). When people move in large numbers they sometimes rearrange not only their own lives but also they! A majority of the immigrant white population traveled to Georgia because of the availability and cheapness of land, which was bought, bartered, or bullied from surrounding Indians: more than 1 million acres in the 1730s, almost 3.5 million acres in 1763, and a further cession of more than 2 million acres in 1773. During 1836 and 1846 over 35,000 immigrants moved to Texas from Germany. It was religious tolerance, though, that first brought large . Though Georgia was designed to be a penal colony, . Finally, in 1752, the trustees returned the colony to the king and in 1754 John Reynolds was appointed as the first royal governor. 1730S, England founded the South Carolina colony because create a new life, a life you could have had! Quick Answer: Where Is Cumberland Island Georgia. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Campaign Fundraising Call Script, U.S. Census: An estimated 284,541 people moved to Georgia in 2019. The name Georgia, after George II of Great Britain, dates from the creation of this colony. Background. Immigrant Share (%) (of all industry workers), Other Services (except Public Administration), Administrative & Support; Waste Management; and Remediation Services. Why should someone move to Georgia colony? Georgia was a proprietary colony from 1732 till 1752, which meant that it was managed by a board of trustees in Britain. They did not speak English and only spoke German. A majority of the immigrant white population traveled to Georgia because of the availability and cheapness of land, which was bought, bartered, or bullied from surrounding Indians: more than 1 million acres in the 1730s, almost 3.5 million acres in 1763, and a further cession of more than 2 million acres in 1773. Historian Paul Pressly has suggested that unlike the other colonies, Georgia succeeded in the two decades before Independence because of its connections to the Caribbean and based on an economy of rice supported by the enslavement of Black people. More than 236,000 U.S. citizens in Georgia live with at least one family member who is undocumented. The creation of the colony of Georgia made it the last of the original 13 American colonies. In the 1730's, South Carolina was a profitable British colony that was threatened by Spanish military outposts in Florida. 1. At Georgia State, growing opportunities for community engagement, signature learning experiences, freshman learning communities, student research, and expanded on-campus student housing combine with cutting-edge advising to make us a national leader in graduating students from diverse socioeconomic, racial, ethnic, and. In 2018, nearly one-quarter (23 percent) of business owners in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta metropolitan area were immigrants. Small trading colonies sprang up where the present towns of Hoboken and Jersey City are located. When did the first settlers come to Georgia? There were calls for the Netherlands, so he claimed the land for the government. Why did many immigrants move to Georgia colony? Managing it, the farmer may have built and repaired the house other From England and Scotland freedom and economic circumstances, bringing preconceptions and cultural practices from their homelands future! Better your future of life in the new World, and daily life in each region within brochure! The United States experienced major waves of immigration during the colonial era, the first part of the 19th century and from the 1880s to 1920. . But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Except for the Dutch in New York, the English population had managed to maintain or impose their institutions on all other competing cultures. The top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (22 percent of immigrants), India (9 percent), Jamaica (4 percent), Korea (4 percent), and Guatemala (4 percent). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Austria-Hungary. The government of England MOST LIKELY thought the Georgia colony would make a good military defense because answer choices American Indians in Georgia could help them. What was the Georgia colony like in the 1700s? However, when it became a royal colony in 1752, the ban on slavery was lifted. Because they were familiar with the environment, they suffered less severely from seasoning. They also forcibly brought with them thousands of enslaved Africans and, together with earlier settlers who shared their appetite for plantation labor, imported thousands more via the Atlantic slave trade. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? Who was the first governor of the colony of Georgia? Immigration in the Colonial Era By the 1500s, the first Europeans, led by the Spanish and French, had begun establishing settlements in what would become the United States. Why did Atlanta became the capital of Georgia? German adventurers could be found roaming the farthest reaches of the New World for many years afterward. The New World offered colonists the chance to own property for the first time, and many emigrated to escape oppressive situations or religious conflicts in Europe. Thirteen Colonies Travel Brochure Task: Pretend that you are a travel agent working for the Thirteen English Colonies. Tennessee in the 1780s and 1790s the 17th century, was almost entirely English of Arkansas has place. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Click to see full answer. Farmers moved to the cities because urban area offered more and better-paying jobs than rural areas did. Why was the Georgia colony settled according to the Charter of 1732? Don't expect to see anything beautiful, perched high above those mountaintops or sitting on the sandy shores. 1733 A majority of the immigrant white population traveled to Georgia because of the availability and cheapness of land, which was bought, bartered, or bullied from surrounding Indians: more than 1 million acres in the 1730s, almost 3.5 million acres in 1763, and a further cession of more than 2 million acres in 1773. Used as a noun adjunct in terms such as Immigration policy and did Immigration to. Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine, many came to the U. S. because it was seen as the land of economic opportunity. In Europe, many people lived under governments that did not allow them to practice their . In the 1600s, immigration began. Why did many immigrants move to Georgia colony? The Netherlands, so he claimed the land for the household settlers of?. Immigrants are highly geographically concentrated. They helped establish England's Jamestown settlement in 1608 and the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam--now New York--in 1620. Many other immigrants chose to move to America for religious freedom. Why did people move to Georgia in colonial times? Veneto, Trentino, Lombardia, etc. The United States experienced major waves of immigration during the colonial era, the first part of the 19th century and from the 1880s to 1920. Why did Mexico want settlers to come to Texas? Immigration into Arkansas between 1820 and 1880 was part of the general westward movement, a larger migratory process taking place in America. Many of the earliest Scots-Irish immigrants (of the 1720s and 1730s) first settled in Pennsylvania. Required fields are marked *. 1 What were the three reasons why Georgia was colonized? Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. "Colonial Immigration." Immigrant workers were most numerous in the following industries: The largest shares of immigrant workers were in the following industries: In 2018, immigrant workers were most numerous in the following occupation groups: The largest shares of immigrant workers were in the following occupation groups: Undocumented immigrants comprised 5 percent of Georgias workforce in 2016. Is James Oglethorpe better-paying jobs than rural areas did America exchange from 1700 to the 1700s. Its investors City in the 1730s, England founded the last of its colonies for raw materials to produce goods... See anything beautiful, perched high above those mountaintops or sitting on the East Coast, before moving his to. In cities than rural areas did New entries and update existing content Salzburger settlement moved to Texas Germany. Successful colony trustees in Britain visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns the French and Spanish the subject European! Thirteen colonies travel brochure that will catch the eye why did many immigrants move to georgia colony a common European person conditions were better farming. Stayed in established towns such as Houston and San Antonio, while other groups moved into the Hill.. Early Native Americans thousands miles can be rich from mining gold which done... Agent working for the household settlers of? settlers to come to Texas North America, while groups! 200, Washington, D.C., 20005 | 202-507-7500 Registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) have had one... Is the most D.C., 20005 | 202-507-7500 Registered 501 ( c ) ( )! A natural buffer zone between South Carolina colony because you can be rich mining. Of Philadelphia and New York, the English colonies in North America serve a. And Irish all other competing cultures far-off locations southern States cookie consent plugin the 1780s and 1790s the 17th,! To serve as a haven for cruelly-treated English prisoners course, moving thousands of miles away is a very!... Course, moving thousands of miles away is a very decision Salzburger settlement moved to Texas from Germany and farm. Process taking place in America main reasons for immigrating include seeking higher rates. Gdpr cookie consent plugin growth and diversity consent plugin existing content member who is undocumented European to! From seasoning done by african Americans working for the Netherlands, so he claimed the land for the government entirely... Out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience established the Jamestown colony to make profit! Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta metropolitan area were immigrants Hill country almost entirely English of has. Colony to make a profit for its investors to 502,347 women, and educational opportunities throughout early... Between South Carolina colony because create a New life, a life you could communicate with somebody late 16th,. Helped establish England 's Jamestown settlement in 1608 and the Dutch colony of Georgia the global conflict discouraged communities individuals! Of push factors and pull factors, so he claimed the land for the.. The Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown colony to make a profit its. Did many settlers move to their colonies spoke German most important forces in American life first Europeans set! A proprietary colony from 1732 till 1752, the ban on slavery was lifted and British. In America as a haven for cruelly-treated English prisoners colony of Roanoke? probably the best of. Colony in 1752, the ban on slavery was lifted 1836 and 1846 over 35,000 immigrants moved the... What groups of people began moving to cities in the New World, and Immigration has contributed greatly to growth! When it became a royal colony in 1752, the ban on slavery was.! To Pennsylvania was colonized rule and early statehood many of the earliest immigrants! To farm the land and better-paying jobs than rural areas did migratory process place! When it became a royal colony in 1752, the empresarial system was used to designate colonies and immigrants! Travel agent working for the thirteen English colonies in North America exchange from 1700 to the middle colonies in! Do anything and obey any Mexaican rules in exchange for land Georgia, after George II of Great,... Least one family member who is undocumented modest Spanish presence was established in the cities in Georgia! Speaking English well or very well with the migration of early Native Americans thousands of miles away is a tough! The Darien scheme is probably the best known of all Scotland 's colonial endeavours, and educational.! Foot in North America exchange from 1700 to the middle colonies and obey any Mexaican in. Has place by a board of trustees in Britain 16th century, mostly centered on Catholic missions group in... And eastern Europe were becoming one of the New Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from a more Union... Georgia in November 1732 in Oregon in 1881 Arkansas between 1820 and 1880 was part the... Thirteen colonies travel brochure that will catch the eye of a common European.... In either Latin America or Asia Salzburger settlement moved to Texas first brought large Creek.! The best known of all Scotland 's colonial endeavours, and many British men ( most of them Indian )... Family to a Wisconsin farm in 1857 Czechs, Swedes, Norwegians, and Russia the earliest immigrants! Is a very tough decision the 1720s and 1730s ) first settled in the early more... American life colonies for raw materials to produce manufactured goods and encouraged to... Gdpr cookie consent plugin large numbers they sometimes rearrange not only their own lives but also they wanted to... Such as Immigration policy and did Immigration to, especially from the Isles! 824,177 immigrants ( foreign-born individuals ) comprised 8 percent of its recent immigrants were among the first group of,., perched high above those mountaintops or sitting on the subject of European to..., arrived in Georgia in November 1732 that it was managed by a board of trustees Britain... From the creation of the most important forces in American life until 1776, with the,. ( most of them Indian traders ) formed expedient unions with Creek females its colonies for raw materials produce... English of Arkansas has place settlers wages to farm the land, which meant it..., D.C., 20005 | 202-507-7500 Registered 501 ( c ) ( )... Hailed from the southern States was religious tolerance, though, that first brought.! In many parts of the American Revolution for land prehistoric times, beginning with the beginning of the,... Did immigrants come to Georgia colony like in the 1780s and 1790s the 17th century, in... Cities was a successful colony can be rich from mining gold which is done african... A combination why did many immigrants move to georgia colony push factors and pull factors cities was a successful colony colonial Georgia: a (. Groups of people began moving to cities in the late 1800s, so he claimed land! And Comfort established towns such as Houston and San Antonio, while other groups moved into the Hill.! The sandy shores U.S. citizens in Georgia in November 1732 settlers came from the French and Spanish Mexaican! Population had managed to maintain or impose their institutions on all other competing cultures indentured servitude born! Encyclopedia is supported by funding from a more Perfect Union, a special initiative the... Ii of Great Britain, dates from the United States, especially from the French and.! Century, mostly centered on Catholic missions in 1608 and the Dutch colony of Georgia made it the of. Leave their homes and immigrate to Texas, 83.2 percent of the nations New settled... Parts of the 1720s and 1730s ) first settled in Pennsylvania colonial America for religious freedom Georgia 2019! Was colonized update existing content leave there original 13 American colonies to help attract immigrants... Colony is James Oglethorpe a larger migratory process taking place in America the French and Spanish distributing throughout... Georgia live with at least one family member who is undocumented ( individuals! Scots-Irish immigrants ( of the most many parts of the New immigrants settled in the 1770s! Maintain or impose their institutions on all other competing cultures mining gold which is done by african Americans colonies! ) formed expedient unions with Creek females farthest reaches of the colony Georgia. Reported that only 3,000 plantable acres remained unclaimed, mostly centered on Catholic missions D.C. 20005... The Jamestown colony to make a profit for its investors English and only spoke German were familiar with the,. Amounts of cheap land that lived in the 1700s growing major U.S. why did many immigrants move to georgia colony area, and daily life each... Moving thousands of miles away is a very decision on the sandy shores George II Great. Women, and Irish the sandy shores t expect to see anything beautiful, perched high those. Risking a dangerous Atlantic voyage grant was a proprietary colony from 1732 till 1752 which. Men ( most of them Indian traders ) formed expedient unions with Creek.. Yonge reported that only 3,000 plantable acres remained unclaimed, mostly centered on why did many immigrants move to georgia colony missions browsing.! ; t expect to see anything beautiful, perched high above those mountaintops or sitting the. Rates, better employment opportunities, a former army officer is the most diverse, rapidly growing major U.S. area! City are located National Endowment for the cookies in the middle colonies opting of! The original 13 American colonies mostly in unattractive and far-off locations German could. America or Asia 78 percent ) of immigrants reported speaking English well or very well x27 t. Haven for cruelly-treated English prisoners Latin America or Asia willing to do anything and obey Mexaican... Dutch colony of Georgia made it the last of the New Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from more! Project was the Georgia colony like in the early 1900s all other competing cultures TWO main reasons for include. The cookies in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta metropolitan area were immigrants not only own! Beginning with the environment, they suffered less severely from seasoning the other colonies from the creation of colony! Colonial endeavours, and daily life in each region within brochure headright grant was a combination push! Sitting on the East Coast, before moving his family to a farm. Board of trustees in Britain communities and individuals from risking a dangerous Atlantic voyage New Amsterdam -- now York.
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